![]() ![]() ^ Acarya Nemicandra Nalini Balbir (2010) pp.^ The Tale of Carvaka by Manga Randreas, Mangalakshmi Ravindram, iUniverse, 2005, ISBN 5-2, pg, 270.Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. Max Muller, Kessinger Publishing, 2003, p. 40. ^ Six Systems of Indian Philosophy Samkhya and Yoga Naya and Vaiseshika by F.Potter, Usharbudh Arya, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, 1977, p. 71. ^ Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology by Karl H.Pablo Iannone, Taylor & Francis, 2001, p. 30. ^ Dictionary of World Philosophy by A.Ākāsa is identified as the first arūpa jhāna, but usually translates as "infinite space." Modern reception The Vaibhashika, an early school of Buddhist philosophy, hold the existence of akasha to be real. In Buddhist phenomenology, akasha is divided into limited space (ākāsa-dhātu) and endless space (ajatākasā). Īt the summit of the lokākāśa is the Siddhashila (abode of the liberated souls). Akasha is that which gives space and makes room for the existence of all extended substances. In Loakasa the universe forms only a part. It falls into the Ajiva category, divided into two parts: Loakasa (the part occupied by the material world) and Aloakasa (the space beyond it which is absolutely void and empty). It is all-pervading, infinite and made of infinite space-points. Akasha is one of the six dravyas (substances) and it accommodates the other five, namely sentient beings or souls ( jīva), non-sentient substance or matter ( pudgala), principle of motion ( dharma), the principle of rest ( adharma), and the principle of time ( kāla). Jainism Īkasha is space in the Jain conception of the cosmos. They exclude the fifth, akasha, because its existence cannot be perceived. Īdherents of the heterodox Cārvāka or Lokāyata philosophy held that this world is made of four elements only. In the Linga Purana, akasha is translated as "firmament" and listed as one of the 1,008 names of Lord Shiva. In the Shiva Purana, it identifies akasha as having "the only attribute of sound". Īccording to the Samkhya school, akasha is one of the five Mahābhūtas (grand physical elements) having the specific property of sound. It is the one, eternal, and all-pervading physical substance, which is imperceptible. The Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools of Hindu philosophy state that akasha or aether is the fifth physical substance, which is the substratum of the quality of sound. The direct translation of akasha is the word meaning "upper sky" or 'space' in Hinduism. It is one of the Panchamahabhuta, or "five gross elements" its main characteristic is Shabda (sound). Thus, first appeared the space, from which appeared air, from that fire or energy, from which the water, and therefrom the earth. A Vedic mantra " pṛthivyāpastejovāyurākāśāt" indicates the sequence of initial appearance of the five basic gross elements. In Vedantic Hinduism, akasha means the basis and essence of all things in the material world the first element created. In Vedantic philosophy, the word acquires its technical meaning of "an ethereal fluid imagined as pervading the cosmos". In Classical Sanskrit, the noun acquires the neuter gender and may express the concept of "sky atmosphere" ( Manusmrti, Shatapatha Brahmana). ![]() It appears as a masculine noun in Vedic Sanskrit with a generic meaning of "open space, vacuity". The word in Sanskrit is derived from a root kāś meaning "to be". ![]()
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